Main illustration by Randy Pollak

Fighting for Freedom

The first shots of the American Revolution were fired 250 years ago.

As You Read, Think About: What events led to the start of the American Revolution?

Rat-a-tat-tat. It was about 5 a.m. on April 19, 1775. A drumroll echoed across the town square in Lexington, Massachusetts. It was a signal to about 70 members of the local militia to be prepared. Minutes later, roughly 100 British soldiers marched into the town. 

Suddenly, a gunshot rang out. No one knows for sure who fired that first shot. But soon eight militiamen were dead. Ten more were wounded. The American Revolution had begun. 

Trouble Ahead

At the time, Great Britain ruled the 13 Colonies, including Massachusetts. Many colonists were tired of British control. They had been forced to pay taxes, or extra fees, on items like sugar, paper, and tea. Yet they had no say in the British government. The angry colonists called this “taxation without representation.”

Many colonists boycotted goods shipped from Britain. On December 16, 1773, colonists in Boston took their protest a step further. They climbed aboard three British ships and dumped more than 300 chests of tea into the harbor. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

To punish the Colonies, the British passed a series of harsh laws. And by April 1775, about 4,000 British soldiers were stationed around Boston. Tension between the colonists and the British was at an all-time high.

A Day of Fighting

Jim McMahon/Mapman®

The colonists knew that war was a possibility. So they spent months gathering weapons and supplies in Concord (see map). On the night of April 18, British troops set out from Boston to destroy the weapons. But colonial leaders had learned about the British plan. They warned colonists in Lexington, Concord, and other nearby towns (see “Midnight Riders”). 

Still, the British troops, called Redcoats for the color of their uniforms, won the clash in Lexington. They felt confident as they marched on to Concord. They were among the best soldiers in the world. And many of the colonial militiamen were farmers and shopkeepers. But the British troops were in for a surprise.

Later that morning, the Redcoats arrived in Concord. The colonists had already moved most of their weapons and supplies. But the British burned what was left. By that time, hundreds of militiamen had gathered. They saw smoke and thought the town was burning. 

Colonial fighters rushed in to face off with the Redcoats. The British opened fire. The colonists fired back in what came to be known as “the shot heard round the world.” More men joined the fight. The British troops were soon outnumbered. 

A Long Struggle

The Redcoats headed back to Boston. They were attacked by colonists hiding along the way. By the end of the fighting, about 250 Redcoats were dead or hurt. That was about three times the number of deaths and injuries the colonists suffered.

The battles of Lexington and Concord united the Colonies like never before. Over the next eight years, the colonists would experience victories and losses. In the end, they would win their long fight for independence. 

  1. What is meant by the saying “taxation without representation”?
  2. Why does the author write that “the British troops were in for a surprise”?
  3. Based on the article, why were the battles of Lexington and Concord important events in U.S. history?
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